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Colorectal cancer ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States and the fourth leading cause among women, according to the American Cancer Society.
This year, an estimated 150,000 Americans will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer, and approximately 52,900 will succumb to the disease. The lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer is about 1 in 24 for men and 1 in 26 for women.
As March marks Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, it is an opportune time to discuss the risk factors associated with this type of cancer, its treatment options, the recommended age for screening, and preventive measures. To shed light on these topics, we spoke with CNN wellness expert Dr. Leana Wen. Dr. Wen is an emergency physician and adjunct associate professor at George Washington University and previously served as Baltimore’s health commissioner.
What is colorectal cancer?
Dr. Leana Wen: Colorectal cancer includes both colon cancer, which originates in the colon, and rectal cancer, which starts in the rectum. While the terms “colon cancer” and “colorectal cancer” are sometimes used interchangeably, colon cancer is actually a subset of colorectal cancer.
What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
Dr. Wen: Risk factors for colorectal cancer are categorized into those related to lifestyle, which can be modified, and those that cannot be changed.
Lifestyle-related risk factors include being overweight or obese, having diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, and a diet high in red and processed meats. These factors can increase the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer.
Non-modifiable risk factors include genetic conditions such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis, both of which significantly heighten colorectal cancer risk. Individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis also face increased susceptibility. Additionally, prior radiation treatments to the abdomen or pelvic area and a family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative can contribute to higher risk.
Age is another key factor. Although colorectal cancer is more prevalent in individuals over 50, there has been a noticeable increase in cases among younger populations. In fact, some estimates suggest that the incidence of colorectal cancer in individuals under 50 will double by 2030, making it a leading cause of death among people aged 20 to 49.
Why is colorectal cancer rising among younger adults?
Dr. Wen: The exact cause remains unclear, but it is likely influenced by multiple factors. One possibility is the increasing prevalence of obesity, which is a known risk factor for colorectal cancer. Changes in dietary habits, more sedentary lifestyles, and potential environmental exposures—such as carcinogenic chemicals in soil, water, and food—may also contribute to the rise in colorectal cancer cases among younger individuals.
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